Grove City v. Bell

Western Pennsylvania. Grove City College accepted students that received federal grants, but only grants that were used for educational purposes only. The college also repeatedly refused to use state and federal financial assistance meaning Grove City did not want the governments help, plain and simple. Even though they did not want the governments elp, it led the college to stop participating in direct institutional aid programs and federal student assistance programs.The college was required to Judge the students eligibility and to help fgure out the amount of loans the student should be given. (McCarthy) However, Grove Clty enrolled students who were given Basic Educational Opportunity under the Department of Education's Alternate Disbursement System. The Department of Education's Alternate Disbursement System decided that, â€Å"Grove City was a â€Å"recipient† of â€Å"Federal financial assistance† as those terms are defined in the regulations implementing Title (Leone) Grove City was then rdered to get rid of the Assurance of Compliance agreeing that, â€Å"to the extent applicable to it, with Title IX †¦ nd all applicable requirements imposed by or pursuant to the Department's regulation .. . to the end that . no person in the United States shall, on the basis ot sex, be †¦ subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity for which [it] receives or benefits from Federal financial assistance from the Department. † (McCarthy) Grove City denied the request to get rid of the Assurance of Compliance and the Department declared proceedings to show hat the students are ineligible to receive Basic Educational Opportunity Grants.The judge then said that the federal financial assistance received compelled Grove City to enter an order of assistance until they â€Å"correct its noncompliance with Title IX and satisfies the Department that it is in compliance with the applicable regulations. † (Grove City Col lege v. Bell) In a 6 to 3 decision Grove City College lost it's appeal. â€Å"According to the Court's decision, only the financial aid/admissions office was subject to federal regulation, not the entire College. † (Leone) However, four years later Congress passed the CivilRights Restoration Act of 1988 that expanded the Court's decision and made the College subject to federal regulation. â€Å"In response, the U. S. Congress passed the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988, also known as the Grove City Bill, over a veto by President Ronald Reagan. That law overturned Grove City College v. Bell and made it unequivocally clear that if any part of a school accepts federal aid, every part of the school is subject to Title IX regulations. † (Leone) Grove City College also withdrew from the Pell Grant for federal internships after the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 988 was passed.Grove City might have battled back and stood tall after the supreme court case, but it took a t oll on the college. â€Å"The college must work to replace, each year, what most institutions receive annually from the federal government in student aid, research grants, or federal contracts. † (Grove City v. Bell) The case of Grove City College v. Bell helped establish the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988. Grove City was ruled against but still kept fghting even after the fact. One good thing that came out of this court case was the fact that only parts of the ollege were affected not the entire college as a whole.

Is the generation gap myth or reality Essay

It’s well known that new time demands new way of thinking. New way of thinking demands new way of acting. New way of acting arouses misunderstanding on the part of older generation. People usually get used to certain things and some dead small changes can frighten them. Thus, trying to avoid the negative feeling of fear older people try to avoid new trends and spirits of the time. On the other hand, youngsters are eager to introduce some desperately new and young-eyed decisions in order to gain a foothold. In other words, young people want to be creative, bright and want to place themselves on record. As a result, old traditions contradict with new trends and a problem of generation gap shapes up. For example, parents very often try to protect their children from modern entertainments some forbid playing computer games, thinking that computers can’t teach anything to their children, some prohibit wearing extravagant clothes and some prevent their infants from attending concerts of rock stars, fearing that he can fall among evil companions. However, forbidden fruit is sweet. And the offsprings start doing everything on the sly. But when finally parents find it out they can’t stop wondering why do their children conceal their affairs from them? The answer is as easy as ABC: youngsters want to express themselves, they want to get the smell of powder, they want to enjoy independence. On the contrary, the parents want to be sure that their precious offsprings are safe and sound. As a consequence, this leads to misunderstanding, quarrels and insults. Nowadays children start using computers very early. Tweens and teens are so fascinated by them that they spend hours and hours at their personal computers or at computer clubs. The electronic universe replaces their contacts with friends and dominates their life completely. Obsession with computers brings about a mechanical, disillusioned mentality and inhibits their emotional development. The heads of youngsters are also being filled with violent pictures they have seen on TV. Children are very naive and impressionable. And no wonder that they are so aggressive and arrogant in  real life. They are thrown into such a harsh world, especially if they live in a city. These days a lot of parents think that they should be lenient with their children, they should let them find out about life for themselves, they should leave children to develop their own idea of right and wrong. But it’s a grave mistake. Parents should try to protect their children from possible bad influences and give them clear guidance about right and wrong. There is no way to predict how today’s children will turn out. Keeping faith in kids is necessary. They are not bad. They are optimistic. They expect to have a better life than their parents’. And grown-ups – if they are prepared to admit it – could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not  «sinful ». Enjoyment, is a principle you could apply to all aspects of life. It is not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure, to shed restricting inhibitions. It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. Generation gap is the major reason today why parents and children are moving away from each other. As we all know, the environment has changed, so has the life style and with that changes the mind of children. Today’s generation doesn’t like others interfering in any of their personal matters, they don’t like parents ordering them, and if they try and tell them what’s wrong for them, they misbehave with their parents. The question arises that, what is the reason behind all this. It is the parents’ mistake or is it cause of the generation gap. Generation gap is basically created by the people themselves. They don’t talk to their children and share their own points of views with the children. The point is that the parents are just so busy with their work and jobs that they don’t have time for their family and their children. And they realize it when there has a huge distance between the kids and the parents. The point is if parents give their children some time from their busy schedule then there would be no such problem. Nevertheless the problem of  generation gap can be easily solved. Patience should be the key to the common ground between adults and youngsters. People of all ages must become more tolerant and less selfish and must discuss their troubles in order to conquer misunderstanding. It’s essential that parents give more freedom to their children so that they can express themselves. Whereas children should remember that freedom is not something to be over-indulged in. It’s not difficult to achieve understanding if you are making effort to see a problem from a variety of angles. On the contrary, if you think that your standpoint is the only one true and you don’t want to discuss and listen to other opinions, then the problem of generation gap will become a nightmare of your family.

Annotated bibliography Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Annotated bibliography - Term Paper Example All over the world, most students are heartbroken by their peers, tutors or even parents by being told that they can’t make or they are typically not good enough. Teaching is an extremely exhausting profession but I have come to realize that it requires understanding, patience enthusiasm and compassion. These things are among the many am ready to provide daily. My hope is that you find is that you find practically everything you wish to about my views on education, my teaching style, my philosophy and many of learning aspects that I have achieved so far. Hopefully, by going through this portfolio you will come to comprehend the teacher in me. My goal and vision is to elaborate strengths that make me efficient, passionate and useful part of any teaching team out there. I strongly believe in treating all students respectfully and equally (this implies treating students differently as per their needs and giving each student a chance to succeed on their own terms), group works, fi eld-trips and extra-curriculum activities, fairness, making learning meaningful to the students, student-centered learning and realization that teaching and learning is a continuous process therefore to help generate and improve my ideas and teaching strategies I have to undertake researches and study widely (Crookes 72). In the sense that different students are gifted with different abilities and capabilities, different students should in the same sense be subjected to different learning speed, work load and attention.

GLobal Warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GLobal Warming - Research Paper Example That global warming has happened in the recent past is evident from the rise in the mean temperature of the earth’s atmosphere. Many ecosystems will be unable to adapt suitably to such rapid changes in climate and this will lead to extinction of some animal species. In addition to the impact on ecosystems, human agriculture, health and water resources are all being affected by global warming sparking wide spread apprehension across the globe. Scientists agree that human activities have led to release of green house gases that in turn are responsible for global warming during the last century. This has been especially marked during the last 50 years. As humans began to use petroleum and burn coal and oil to heat their cities and run their machines, levels of carbon dioxide have risen by almost 30%. The concentration of nitrous oxide and methane that are by products of farming, coming from rice fields and cattle have also risen by 10 – 15 %. In 2002 about 40% of U.S. carbon dioxide emissions were a result of the burning of fossil fuels for the purpose of electricity generation. Coal accounted for 93 percent of the emissions from the electric utility industry. Statistics show that of the total energy consumption in the US every year, almost 85 % comes from gas and petroleum products and coal. (American Gas Association) About 33% of U.S carbon dioxide emissions come from the burning of gasoline in engines of cars and light trucks. Hence the second biggest sources of these green house gases are road vehicles and industries. Emissions from airplanes and buildings add their own percentages of Carbon Dioxide to the atmosphere and aid global warming. It has been found that water vapor in the atmosphere - a powerful greenhouse gas, has been increasing, due to warming caused by carbon dioxide, methane and other green house gases. Deforestation is yet another major cause of

Contract Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contract Law - Assignment Example This case study presents the principle that sellers are not making a valid offer to customers, and that customers who bring goods to the counter are not making an acceptance, therefore a contract is not formed. This principle is further illustrated in the case of Fisher v. Bell 1 QB 394. This case notes that the shopkeeper is not making an offer, but the customer who presents the item to the cashier is making an offer to buy. When the cashier takes the customer's money, the cashier is, in effect, accepting the customer's offer to buy the good. Partridge v. Crittenden 1 WLR 1204 is another case illustrating this point, and this court held that offering birds for sale cannot be a valid offer, as the storekeeper might not actually own the birds, therefore he cannot be contractually bound to sell them. There also must be mutual assent to the contract, and this is known as the â€Å"mirror image rule.† This means that the acceptance must mirror the offer exactly. If the acceptance deviates from the terms of the offer, then the acceptance is deemed a counteroffer, in which case the original offeror is in the position to be the acceptee. Moreover, the agreement must be certain and enforceable, which means that the terms must be ascertainable by either consulting reasonable standards or have objective terms which can be enforced. For instance, in the case of Scammell and Nephew Ltd v Ouston 1 AC 251, the court held that an agreement to buy a new van â€Å"on hire purchase terms† was too vague to be enforceable. ... If the acceptance deviates from the terms of the offer, then the acceptance is deemed a counteroffer, in which case the original offeror is in the position to be the acceptee (Restatement 2d Contracts  §59a). Moreover, the agreement must be certain and enforceable, which means that the terms must be ascertainable by either consulting reasonable standards or have objective terms which can be enforced. For instance, in the case of Scammell and Nephew Ltd v Ouston [1941] 1 AC 251, the court held that an agreement to buy a new van â€Å"on hire purchase terms† was too vague to be enforceable. In this case, there was no way of measuring the hire purchase terms, as the contract did not indicate whether the terms were to be reasonable, nor did it list a price. The court must have a way to determine what the parties intended, and this goes to the element of certainty and enforceability. Contract law traditionally required privity of contract – this means that the contract is only between the contractees, and any third party beneficiary to the contract would not have the capability of enforcing the contract. The Contracts Act 1999 changed this, as it specifically allows a third party to sue if the contract benefits the third party, and there is not a stipulation that the third party does not have the ability to enforce the contract (Contracts Act 1999). Therefore, a third party can sue to enforce the contract, which is an evolution from the common law rule regarding contract privity. Effects of Part II of the Housing Grants, Reconstruction and Regeneration Act 1996 This part of the Housing Grants, Reconstruction and Regeneration Act 1996 (HGRRA)

Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Criminal Law - Essay Example Finally, there is the possibility that the actions of the doctor in giving the wrong blood transfusion and taking Alan off of life support would break the chain of causation so that Derek would not be liable for homicide after all. Therefore there a number of possible offenses and a number of possible defenses here for Derek and the Doctor. What homicidal offences might Derek have committed? What are the potential difficulties with regards to mens rea and actus reas? First, did Derek cause death or great bodily harm to Alan? The answer to this is yes, so the actus reus for homicide has been established. Second, can we establish that Derek aimed to cause death or great bodily harm to Alan? If so, then the mens rea for homicide has been established.1 While, in this case, it would be a stretch to state that Derek aimed to kill Alan, it may be shown that he, in fact, did intend great bodily harm to Alan when he set fire to Alan’s flat. What is not known is whether Derek was aware that Alan was inside the flat or not. If Derek had thought that Alan was not in his flat, then it could conceivably be said that Derek did not form the proper mens rea for homicide, because, in that case, Derek would have only had the mens rea for arson and not homicide. On the other hand, if it could be shown that Derek was affirmatively aware that Alan was asleep in the flat, then it could be said that Derek did, indeed, intend to cause great bodily harm to Alan, and the mens rea would be established. At any rate, even if Derek is not responsible for homicide, he would probably be responsible for manslaughter, as one only has to prove, as the actus reus for manslaughter that a person intended an unlawful act to another person for manslaughter to be established. As Derek intended arson on Alan’s home, this could be said that Derek intended an unlawful act on Alan, so he would be guilty of manslaughter even if there is no mens rea for homicide.2 Moreover, the mens rea might b e negated by Derek’s intoxication.3 The test here is whether Derek was so intoxicated that he could not form the mens rea that is necessary to commit the homicide. The facts stated that Derek had quickly downed four vodkas. This would certainly make a person drunk, however, the actual crime occurred four hours after Derek drank these vodkas, so Derek was probably not still so intoxicated by vodkas that he could not form the mens rea for the act. That said, the facts also said that Derek was suffering blackouts before the incident, although it is unclear what is causing these blackouts. Therefore, this might be a case of diminished responsibility. The rule on that is there must be present an abnormality of the mind that substantially impairs his mental responsibility.4 This is a possibility – perhaps Derek is suffering from an abnormality that would cause him to perform criminal acts of which he was somehow unaware. If this is the case, then he would have a defence unde r this. What defences might Derek have to homicide? The first defence will be that of provocation. The elements of provocation are as follows 1) the loss of self-control must coincide with the killing;5 2) a reasonable person would react in the same manner.6 We also have to look at the reasonable person in

A summary of an article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A summary of an article - Essay Example covered with water but increasing unplanned use of the same, growing civilization as well as extensive development of current through water dams increasing the possibility of water shortage all over the globe. Not only the natural calamities are responsible for this, the growing trend of global warming, development of dam to develop hydropower, artificially manipulating the normal flow of the river to develop new civilization all are key reasons behind this growing threat of water scarcity â€Å"Many communities are revitalizing their rivers by tearing down dams that are no longer safe or serving a justifiable purpose.† Change in the climate condition making the chances of devastating floods more and more frequent. With the growing demand of water people are now using science and technology to control the normal flow and path of various rivers to make it feasible to develop civilization but at the same time it is making disaster quite obvious and more and more regular. To main tain the availability of the water it is very important for the people all over the globe to control the unnecessary wastage of the water. As a matter of fact â€Å"Conservation remains the least expensive and most environmentally sound way of balancing water budgets.† It is important for the people to review their own style of living, food pattern, and also must balance the use of both energy and water. Generally energy and water are very much interconnected with one another and also equally important for the civilization. People must make it sure that they keeping a balance between both to make water resource adequately available for the future generation as well as for the development of the

Tim's Coffee Shop Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tim's Coffee Shop - Research Paper Example This write up is an analytical paper focusing on the Tim’s Coffee Shoppe, a small sole proprietor business with 10 employees who are currently working and serving the customers visiting their coffee shop. Since the business is situated at a prime location and as a result the customer footfall quite high. Moreover, the service hours offered by the shop acts as a competitive advantage for the firm.   However, there are certain areas where the company needs to improve. For instance, the vision statement can be modified and the company can clearly define its long term and short term goals. The vision statement of the company can be to provide the perfect cup of coffee in the perfect ambiance. This would mean that the shop will provide good quality coffee. The store will provide a good strategic location and the ambiance of the store will provide the customers with the ability to socialize or relax and pampered by the excellent customer service. To meet this vision the company ne eds to improve its present state of performance, improvise the quality of coffee and customer service, maintain the store ambiance and provide additional value to the customers. Scholars such as Drucker, emphasizes that management denotes both â€Å"a function† and â€Å"the people† who discharge it. The importance of management in an origination cannot be denied; thus, organizations have dedicated departments for managing the workforce. Tim’s Coffee Shoppe is a small sole proprietor business with 10 employees who are currently working and serving the customers visiting their coffee shop. Since the business is situated at a prime location and as a result the customer footfall quite high. Moreover, the service hours offered by the shop acts as a competitive advantage for the firm. However, there are certain areas where the company needs to improve. For instance, the vision statement can be modified and the company can clearly define its long term and short term g oals. Action Items The vision statement of the company can be to provide the perfect cup of coffee in the perfect ambience. This would mean that the shop will provide good quality coffee. The store will provide a good strategic location and the ambience of the store will provide the customers with the ability to socialize or relax and pampered by the excellent customer service. To meet this vision the company needs to improve its present state of performance, improvise the quality of coffee and customer service, maintain the store ambience and provide additional value to the customers. Short Term Goals 1. The first goal of the company in the next year should be to increase the market share by attracting new customers which will in turn help to generate higher revenue. 2. The companies in the industry constantly strive for innovating new products based on customer demands in order to attract consumers and differentiate them from the competitors. With increasing health consciousness a mong customers, the companies are introducing healthy alternatives. Differentiation gives the companies a competitive advantage. 3. According to the survey records of the customers, majority of them mentioned that the customer service was poor. So it would be important for the company to improve customer service in order to attract new customers and retain existing customers. Long Term Goals 1. The quality of coffee is crucial for any coffee shop to become successful. But through the customer surveys it was found that the quality of coffee was average. So the company should focus on improving the quality of coffee and offer more competitive products. 2. The employees’ opinions reflected that they were satisfied with their jobs but were suffering from low morale. Some of them were planning to leave the company and join the competitors. So in the next 3 years, the company needs to develop a strong retention plan and provide customers with career growth opportunities. Federal an d State compliance Issues Some of the Federal and State compliance Issues that the company might face are as follows:- Multiplicity Issues. Code issues (Community Development Law Center and Fair Housing Council of Oregon, 2009). Now in order

How successful is the EU in providing a regional response to the Essay

How successful is the EU in providing a regional response to the problems arising from globalisation - Essay Example e the United States, Canada and Mexico share NAFTA, the North American Free-Trade Agreement, much of Western, Central, and now Eastern Europe subscribes to the tenants of economic and political integration through what is arguably one of the most potent transnational organizations in the world, the European Union. The EU today has more than two dozen members and is in the process of further expansion. Will Turkey one day join the European nation of families? Will Serbia, the largest state of the former Yugoslavia, regain the favor of Western Europe and one day become a full-fledged member of the European Union? To what extent has the European Union been successful in providing a regional response to the problems arising from globalization? Globalisation has provided increased political pressures for the EU to expand and this arguably is the major challenge that it has faced over the past 20 years (Fierke & Wiener, 1999, 44-46). Seeking to analyse the EU’s pressures to expand i n a globalised world, the following aims to address how the EU has responded in a holistic fashion to expansion in an era globalisation. Created following the tumultuous events of the Second World War, the European Economic Community was an important precursor for the establishment of the European Union. Accordingly, the European Union is an international organization which is estimated to generate 30% of the worlds total Gross Domestic Product (Almond et al, 2002, 100). As an economic powerhouse with significant stature on the global stage, the European Union is presently in the process of increasing its membership and aims for near total European integration in the political, judicial, economic and social spheres (Almond et al, 2002, 101). The evolution of the European Union has occurred in tandem with the globalisation of the world community and the EU has fundamentally changed in composition since its inception. Accordingly, since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the EU has

Human resources employment law for business Essay

Human resources employment law for business - Essay Example Franklin, a U.S. born individual of English ancestry, works for the China Lights restaurant, which is owned and operated by two U.S. citizens of Chinese ancestry. Franklins coworkers Jin Pan and Dongping Jiang, also U.S. citizens of Chinese ancestry, are late for work virtually every day, but no action is taken against them for this, even though the owners are aware of Jin and Dongpings tardiness, and even though there is a stated workplace policy that an employee reporting to work late, more than once in a sixty day period will be dismissed. Franklin reports to work late twice, 55 days apart, and he is dismissed. Explain whether Franklin has the basis for a national origin discrimination claim. Franklin does have basis for a National Origin Discrimination claim, but it might not be easy. Proof of misconduct would have to be documented. If Jin and Dongping’s tardiness was not recorded, it would be Franklin’s word against the company and Jin and Dongping’s word. If documentation exists on Franklin’s tardiness that could be used to prove that Franklin would have been fired despite Jin and Dongping. Franklin would have had a better case if he had started documenting the tardiness before being fired. It would have also been a better case if he would not have been tardy for two days in a fifty-five day period. Courts like plaintiffs with clean hands. Theoretically the case could be brought, but if not settled out of court, the case might not succeed. Title VII deals with the discrimination against employees based on race, religion, gender, and so forth. IRCA deals with the hiring of illegal immigrants. It is harder to prove discrimination on race, religion, or gender. Title VII must be proven in court through testimony and documentation. IRCA discrimination can be proven through citizenship documentation. If an employer will not hire because of the IRCA law, than the U.S.

Educational Technology in the Classroom Essay Example for Free

Educational Technology in the Classroom Essay The face of pedagogy has evolved through time with the emergence of the technological age in the 19th century. As new technologies have been developed in order to enhance and produce efficient working environments, educational institutions, especially early childhood education, have slowly adapted several technological tools in order to facilitate the teaching-learning process. Learning available technological advancements in early childhood education (ECE) and understanding how to incorporate them in the teaching process interests me because of the complex and specialized characteristic of ECE. Children are always curious about the things around them, that is why they love exploring and discovering things that are new to them. Applying technology in the classroom setting would be instrumental in teaching them many concepts that would be difficult to teach in the real-life environment. Moreover, employing technology would allow teachers to design challenging instructional materials that may be easily accessed by children. Synopsis One Buckleitner, W. (2000). â€Å"Techno Tools for Assessment. † Teaching with Technology. ProQuest Education Journals. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest LLC. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=4sid=2srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=62927618scaling=FULLts=1207829807vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207829837clientId=7961 (1) This article emphasizes the importance of technology in tracking and monitoring the growth and progress of children within the educational institution. It asserts that making use of technology allows the teacher to properly document the developments of each child, with the use of pictures and videos for instance, in order to involve and show the parents each milestone that their children accomplish in the school. Technology is also relevant during the assessment phase. The author continues to list several technological tools that from the lowest priced to the highly expensive, while still remaining important in assessing the developments within each child. Cameras, whether disposable, Polaroid, or digital, as well as digital video cameras, are useful in documenting the activities that children get involved in within the school. This would help in showing the parents how their children have grown from day one until the end of classroom instruction. Cassette recorders may be used to record sounds, such as songs, poems, and sounds learned throughout the year, in order to know what new knowledge they have learned regarding sound reproduction and music. Scanners may be used to keep records of pictures and artworks that children have made all throughout the year. This would help in assessing the creativity of each child. Communication with the parents at home may be facilitated by establishing an online website where the teacher and the parents may contact each other. Moreover, online websites may be used to send newsletters and other information that are in a need-to-know basis for the parents. (2) This article is important for teachers who want to learn about simple and affordable technologies to use in the classroom setting. Cameras, video cameras, scanners, sound recorders, and online websites, are simple devices that teachers can easily use. Moreover, assessment and evaluation has gone up a higher level with the options of using technologies, as well as in involving the parents with the education of their child. (3) The technological gadgets suggested by the author benefits the learner, although they do not get to explore and manipulate each gadget, because it focuses on the assessment phase of learning which assists in the identification of needs, demands and follow-throughs of children. Moreover, parents get involved in the education of their children, allowing them to know how they can assist in teaching their children more at home. (4) These technologies may be implemented by providing sound recorders for each student from the beginning of the class and let them record sounds that they have never learned before. During activities, which bring out their skills and abilities, the teacher should be able to take pictures and videos for documentation. Paper works done by the students should all be scanned accordingly for records sake and assessment in the future. At the end of the teaching instruction, the online website should be put up in the World Wide Web, and communicated to the parents in order for them to gain access to the website and start communicating with the teacher whenever possible. Synopsis Two Scoter, J. V. , Ellis, D. , Railsback, J. (2001). â€Å"Technology in Early Childhood Education. † Northwest Regional Educational Technology. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from NETC. Website: http://www. netc. org/earlyconnections/byrequest. pdf (1) The research study has explored the pros and cons of the employment of technology to early childhood education. The argument lies on the capacity of technological tools to provide for the basic needs of children, including their physical, social, emotional, mental, and language development needs. However, researchers could not deny the contributions that technology will make for facilitating teaching and learning for early childhood education. These contributions being teaching children how to learn by autonomy, wherein they learn by doing things by themselves, and the visualization of difficult concepts to teach and for children to grasp. The different developmental stages in early childhood education are also discussed in order to identify the goals and needs of children in each stage. The author continues to discuss several technologies to accomplish these goals and needs. The computer is the most important technological tool that should be used in early childhood education. Moreover, several softwares are available for computers, such as softwares that may be used in constructing examinations, drills, and practice tests. (2) The information in this article is important for teachers who wants to understand the benefits and advantages of technological tools within the classroom. This would assist them in making evenhanded decisions on whether to employ technological use for classroom instruction. Moreover, teachers who want to utilize technology within the classroom setting are informed of the goals and objectives of each child developmental stage in order to design technologies that are able to meet these goals and objectives. (3) The technology discussed in the article, such as the computer and software programs benefit the learner because of wide-range activities that it can develop for learners, such as drills and tests. This would allow teachers to produce numerous automated exams that would help students widen their knowledge and exercise their minds in order to retain information learned throughout classroom instruction. Moreover, computers are able to provide numerous functions such as music, videos, pictures, access to the internet, multimedia applications, language assistive technologies, etc. (4) Implementing what I read from the article takes time and careful planning. Planning should be done to lay out activities that will be suitable for particular developmental stages in children. After planning, the teacher is now ready to incorporate technologies according to the level of understanding and need of each child. This would be established by teaching children the basics of the computer and letting them handle it for better learning and understanding. Synopsis Three Wilford, S. (2007). â€Å"Tuning in to Tech. † Scholastic Early Childhood Today. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest Education Journals. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=12sid=1srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=1257130811scaling=FULLts=1207834444vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207834584clientId=7961 (1) The proper implementation of technology, so as to ensure positive learning outcomes, is the focus of this article. The author acknowledges the fact that technology does hold negative learning outcomes, especially to young children. In addition, the author continues to discuss the inadequacy of technologies if used improperly and minimally. Therefore, the author reveals steps or guidelines for making the most of the positive effects on learning that technologies may yield to early childhood education. These steps or guidelines include the use of clear digital images with large informative captions, images that show children who display moral values that students might learn, records of visuals and creative works done by students in the computer and student portfolios, taking videos of meaningful activities, and videos of theatrical performances done by children in order for them to imitate and gain insights about acting and being creative. (2) The article is relevant in reminding teachers on how to properly use technologies due to the fact that when these technological devices are used inadequately, then it will yield negative learning outcomes for young children. Aside from reminding teachers of this valuable information, it also provides important tips on how to maximize technology and utilize it appropriately. (3) This valuable piece of information benefits the learner in such a way that it educates the teacher. Educating teachers, especially on the proper use of technology, is significant in teaching with the use of technology properly, therefore, resulting to positive learning outcomes. (4) Implementing this piece of information in classroom instruction starts with committing such information to memory in order to remind oneself of how to use technology effectively in the classroom. Synopsis Four Hertzog, N. Klein, M. (2005). â€Å"Beyond Gaming: A Technology Explosion in Early Childhood Classrooms. † Gifted Child Today. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest Education Journal. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=43sid=1srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=872146761scaling=FULLts=1207837036vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207837110clientId=7961 (1) The focus of the research paper is to identify and reveal the importance of technology for the early childhood classroom and the benefits that they provide for the children. Several examples were given in order to illustrate real life situations wherein the incorporation of technology in classroom instruction was successful. UPS is an educational institution, which utilizes technology during classroom instruction. The institution attests to the positive learning outcomes that technologies yield within the children. Aside from the children, the teachers also benefit from the functions that technology provide to facilitate teaching and lighten their burden of keeping records and assessing the children’s growth and development. Moreover, technologies also enhance communication lines of the educational institution with the parents. Indeed, the children’s use of technology have gone beyond only gaming to learning valuable concepts that technology offers. (2) I think the article takes on a general approach to the study of technology as a means of facilitating learning for early childhood education. Not only does it discuss the benefits of technology on children, but also its positive effects to teachers and the parents as stakeholders who are involved with the education of young learners. Through this article, children, teachers, and parents learn to appreciate the benefits and advantages that technology provides in order to enhance the learning of their children. Moreover, other educational institutions may learn from the testimonies of UPS. (3) This article does not particularly talk about a certain technology that benefits the learner but it discusses the importance of technology in order to provide meaningful and challenging learning experiences to children. Moreover, it informs people on the importance of technology to the holistic development of children, professional career of teachers, and the involvement of parents to education. (4) The article talks about the need for educational institutions to implement technological tools itself and does not illustrate how to implement them. For educational institutions who are deciding whether to incorporate technology into their classroom instructions shall be guided by the advantages it would provide for learners, teachers and parents. Thus, encouraging them to implement technology when possible in order to promote quality learning. Bibliography Buckleitner, W. (2000). â€Å"Techno Tools for Assessment. † Teaching with Technology. ProQuest Education Journals. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest LLC. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=4sid=2srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=62927618scaling=FULLts=1207829807vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207829837clientId=7961 Hertzog, N. Klein, M. (2005). â€Å"Beyond Gaming: A Technology Explosion in Early Childhood Classrooms. † Gifted Child Today. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest Education Journal. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=43sid=1srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=872146761scaling=FULLts=1207837036vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207837110clientId=7961 Scoter, J. V. , Ellis, D. , Railsback, J. (2001). Technology in Early Childhood Education. Northwest Regional Educational Technology. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from NETC. Website: http://www. netc. org/earlyconnections/byrequest. pdf Wilford, S. (2007). â€Å"Tuning in to Tech. † Scholastic Early Childhood Today. Retrieved April 10, 2008, from ProQuest Education Journals. Website: http://proquest. umi. com. ezproxy. aut. ac. nz/pqdweb? index=12sid=1srchmode=1vinst=PRODfmt=6startpage=-1clientid=7961vname=PQDRQT=309did=1257130811scaling=FULLts=1207834444vtype=PQDrqt=309TS=1207834584clientId=7961

Development of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Sensor

Development of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Sensor INTRODUCTION CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION The physical processes involved in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomena were first reported by R.M. Wood in 1902 [1]. In this work, Wood observed a repeated pattern of dark and bright light bands in the reflected light, when he irradiated polarized light on a mirror with a diffraction grating on its surface. The physical interpretation of SPR mechanism was first initiated by the British physicist Lord Rayleigh [2], and further refined by Fano [3], but its satisfactory explanation was not available until 1968, when Otto [4] and in the same year Kretschmann and Raether [5] reported the excitation of surface plasmons on the metal/dielectric interface. Its first use in a real-time analysis of a biological system was demonstrated in 1990s by Karlsson et al. [6]. Since then, The SPR has become a crucial optical sensing technique in the areas of biology, microbiology, biochemistry, and medical sciences because of its noninvasive nature [7]. The commercially available SPR based devices are not so cost-effective and require consumable sensor chips demanding certain specifications of size, thickness, effective sensing area and so on. For example, The Biacore (acquired by General Electric Healthcare in 2006), a life science products company, are providing a variety of models of SPR-based instruments (a typical cost of $120,000–$250,000) that exhibit compatibility only with expensive Biacore accessories. Moreover, the associated high operational cost inhibits introduction of SPR technique into laboratory classes at the undergraduate or postgraduate level. In addition to that, the commercial SPR instrument is not a good teaching tool because all the components, of the apparatus, are enclosed, thus preventing the students from visualizing the details of the SPR instrumentation. The primary motivation behind the present project work is to develop a low-cost SPR based multipurpose optical sensor especially intended for undergraduate and postgraduate education and Research. The proposed homemade SPR sensor is supposed to be cost-effective, and whose all components would be accessible for visualization and manipulations in future. The presented design not only allows its integration with various other mechanical and electronic add-ons, but also could prove to be an ingenious teaching tool for the students to understand and appreciate the modern instrumentation. In addition, once developed, this instrument could also serve the Research purposes of general chemistry, biochemistry, physical chemistry, Nanotechnology and Material Sciences. For this purpose it was necessary to arrange low cost experimental components but keeping in mind that these components work well to satisfy our purpose. It took a long time first to decide the components, and then taking overviews from various places regarding the type of component available and the price of that particular component. After comparing and analyzing the need and price of whole set-up the components were arranged from different market places. After arranging the components it was necessary to prepare the experimental set-up in a well mannered way to fulfill our purposes. Again it took a long time to arrange them in a dark room (as we were working on light and its intensity measurement) as to get a well observable result. The most difficult and time consuming task was to produce a thin metallic film on the glass slide of a specific thickness to get a better result. Metallic film was of gold and the coating unit was a magnetron sputtering gold coater available in the department of the institute. Initially it was a difficult task to coat the glass slide of specific thickness, for which we coated various glass slides with different thicknesses using variable coating time of the coater. Then we did the experiments with that thickness but didn’t get the results. Then glass slides were again coated to increase the gold film thickness. This process was repeated various times and at last we were succeeded to produce the res ults from the glass slides of different thicknesses. In this dissertation work, we first introduce the principle of Surface Plasmon Resonance and other associated phenomena. Following the introduction part, we describe some literature reviews in next section of report. We further describe the details of the crucial components that would be used in the development of SPR based Sensor or can be termed as the Experimental Set-up for the Surface Plasmon Resonance phenomenon. The very next section contains the soul of the whole report or the Results, mentioned as results and discussion. We finally conclude the report by enumerating the work done so far, the future course of work followed by the References that have been used for the literature survey. SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE- Principle: SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE(SPR): The resonant oscillation of conduction electrons, at the interface between a metal and dielectric, stimulated at the optical frequencies is called the SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE (SPR). This  resonance  condition is satisfied once the incident  photon frequency matches with the natural frequency of surface electrons, which are oscillating under the action of restoring force of positive nuclei of the metallic atoms. The resonance phenomena has been shown to have many applications such as in Gas detection and immune-sensing [8,9], efficiency enhancement of Solar Cells [10], and Magneto-Optical based imaging etc. [11,12]. Figure 1 shows a typical surface Plasmon resonance set-up which consists of a light source, prism, gold film, and a detector. Figure 1: Schematic diagram of a surface Plasmon resonance set-up. Here n1 and n2 show the refractive indexes of prism and air respectively. SURFACE PLASMON POLARITONS (SPP) wave -The surface  electromagnetic waves, propagating along the  metal/dielectric  or metal/vacuum interface, is known as SURFACE PLASMON POLARITONS (SPP) wave. As the SPP wave is propagating along the boundary of the metal and the external medium (air or dielectric), the aforesaid resonant oscillations become extremely sensitive to any change occurring at the boundary, for instance the adsorption of molecules to the metal surface or change in refractive index at the metal-dielectric surface. Thus the sensitivity associated with metal – dielectric interface can be exploited to obtain a non-destructive and cost effective multipurpose sensor for detection of Chemical and Biological species. According to different literature [9,12], the sensing properties has been quite useful for monitoring food quality, safety analysis, medical diagnostics and environmental changes etc. A typical SPR sensor consists of a dispersive element, such as prism or a plane reflection grating, coated with a metallic layer (Gold) and a dielectric layer (usually polymers or bio molecule layers). The Kretschmann configuration, as shown in Figure 2, is often used in most of the SPR sensor applications, where a metal (typically silver or gold) film is placed at the interface of two dielectric media. The medium 1 with higher refractive index (n1) is a prism and the medium 2 with lower refractive index (n2) can be the air or the dielectric of interest. A collimated p-polarized light beam, entering from the glass side undergoes a total internal reflection and interacts with the metallic layer at the critical angel of incidence (as shown in Figure 2). The surface plasmons (SP), at the metallic surface, are excited at the resonance optical frequency resulting in absorption of a part of incident light energy and hence leading to a sudden drop in Reflectance at a specific angle à ¯Ã‚   ±0 adjacent to the critical angle à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ±C. The resonance condition of the SPs is sensitive to any change in the refractive index of the metal-dielectric interface and leads to shift of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ±0 to a new angle à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ±1 (Figure 2). The change in the intensity of reflected or diffracted light or its wavelength or angular spectrum can be monitored using a charge coupled device arrays or photodiode arrays, for different sensing purposes [13-16]. Figure 2: Diagram representing the Surface Plasmon Resonance mechanism. TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION AND EVANESCENT WAVES: When the light travels from the higher refractive index medium 1 (glass) to the lower refractive index medium 2 (air or dielectric), the total internal reflection (TIR) takes place within medium 1 for the incident angles ÃŽ ¸ greater than the critical angle ÃŽ ¸C, satisfying the Snell’s relation Sin (ÃŽ ¸C) = n2/n1. The Evanescent waves, a near-field wave, are produced in the lower refractive index medium 2 (air or dielectric) under the TIR condition. As the meaning of Evanescent is tending to vanish, the amplitude of evanescent waves decays exponentially with the distance from the point of incidence, to the interface of the media 1 and 2. When a nonmagnetic gold film with a suitable thickness is sandwiched between the media 1 and 2, the amplitude of evanescent wave is enhanced, penetrating in the gold film and also existing simultaneously in the medium 2. Using the well known Fresnel’s relations, magnitude of the parallel wave vector of the evanescent wave, , is expres sed as; (1) where ÃŽ » is the wavelength of the incident light, n1 is the refractive index of the higher refractive index medium 1, and ÃŽ ¸ is the angle of incidence. Figure 3: Schematic diagram showing a layer system of surface Plasmon resonance where kevan and ksp are wave vectors given in equations. SURFACE PLASMONS: Surface plasmons (quanta of plasma), are the surface electromagnetic wave travelling along the limited region of metal–dielectric interface. The magnitude of the wave vector of the surface plasmon is connected to the dielectric constants of medium 2 (n2) and the gold film (ng). For most of the non absorbing materials, the magnetic permeability is very close to unity at optical frequencies. Hence, the dielectric constant for such materials becomes equal to the square of the refractive index i.e. ÃŽ µ = n2. Here ÃŽ µ is the dielectric constant and n is the refractive index. As a result, can be obtained from n2 and ng using the following relation; (2) where n2 is the refractive index of medium 2 adjacent to the interface and ng is the refractive index of the gold film. SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE: In presence of the evanescent wave, the surface plasmon can be excited leading to the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). In this situation, the intensity of the reflected light, from the metal-dielectric interface, decreases abruptly (as shown in Figure 1). In this process the energy of evanescent wave is conserved and the energy of the excited surface plasmon is coupled to phonons or photons generation at the interface. Hence, the energy conservation requires that equals to . Thus, using eqs 1 and 2 the angle , at which SPR occurs, can be determined by below relation, (3) Here, the incident angle at which the minimum reflectivity is observed is called the SPR angle. The angle has been found to be slightly larger than the critical angle . It is clear from above expression that the angle is linked to n2 if n1 and ng are kept fixed. Hence, even a slight change in the refractive index of interfacial region is reflected in a significant change in the angle . For instance, the phenomena of adsorption and desorption of any gas, on the gold surface, changes the refractive index of media 2 near the metal–dielectric interface leading to change in the . Therefore, the monitoring the change in the angle can be used, as a technique, to study and analyze the adsorption– desorption or association–dissociation phenomena taking place on the gold surface. The refractive index, in the interfacial regime, changes with the mass and density of foreign species attached to the gold film surface. As a consequence, monitoring the change in the SPR angl e provides information about mass and density change on the gold surface, effectively within 200 nm from a metal surface. As mentioned above the surface Plasmon resonance will occur when, Also from the above discussion we know that the is a function of three parameters. The wavelength of incident light. The refractive index of medium 1 or glass prism. Angle of incidence of the incident light falling on the metal-dielectric junction. And also is a function of three parameters, The wavelength of incident light. The refractive index of metallic thin film. The refractive index of the second medium or the air. So we get five different parameters which can be used as varying parameters to get the optimum condition of Surface Plasmon Resonance which are, The wavelength of incident light, The refractive index of medium 1, The refractive index of medium 2, The refractive index of metallic film, and The angle of incidence of incident light. In wavelength interrogation Surface Plasmon Resonance device, wavelength of incident light is varied whereas the other parameters including incident angle, refractive indexes of medium 1, medium 2 and medium 3 are kept constant during the whole experiment. In this case there is a variation in the intensity of reflected light with variation in wavelength of incident light as shown in figure 4. Figure 4: Shows relationship between absorbance of reflected light and the wavelength of incident light. In angle interrogation Surface Plasmon Resonance device, incident angle of light is varied whereas the other parameters including wavelength of incident light, refractive indexes of medium 1, medium 2 and medium 3 are kept constant during the whole experiment. In this case there is a variation in the intensity of reflected light with variation in angle of incident light as shown in figure 5. Figure 5: Diagram indicating the relationship between intensity of reflected light and incident angle. The other type of interrogation device is refractive index interrogation Surface Plasmon Resonance device in which refractive index of any medium is varied which is a tough task and that is why used in very rare cases. Other parameters are kept constant in this type of interrogation system including wavelength of incident light as well as the incident angle of the light. In this case there is a variation in the intensity of reflected light with variation in refractive index of the medium taken in consideration as shown in figure 6. The one other and most complicated interrogation system is phase interrogation Surface Plasmon resonance device in which phase of the reflected light provides the information about the metal dielectric interface. Very less work has been done in this field and is a good topic to work on in future as angle dependent reflectance measurement and other methods discussed above are limited for detecting low weight molecules on the metal dielectric surface. Figure 6: shows relationship between intensity of reflected light and refractive index of the medium with three different gold film thicknesses. Now refractive indexes of medium 1(glass), medium 2(air) and the gold metallic thin film cannot be varied simply during a running experiment. So we have only two parameters which can be used as variable parameters, the wavelength of the incident light and the angle of incidence of that light falling on the set-up. In our work, we have used the later one for our purpose which is angle of incidence of the incident light on the metal dielectric interface, and making the wavelength of the incident light constant near about 650 nm which means we have used a red laser as a source of the light for our experimental set-up. Angle of incidence can be varied either be rotating the light source around the prism or by rotating the prism on its axis and making light source stationary. We are rotating the prism which is mounted on a rotational prism table to vary angle of incidence.

Winter Dreams, F. Scott Fitzgerald Analysis

Winter Dreams, F. Scott Fitzgerald Analysis F.Scott Fitzgeralds Winter Dreams documents the life of Dexter Green, a young man from a modest background who strives to be a part of the exclusive world inhabitated by the women he loves (Perkins 1). The work regards a period in Dexter Greens life, from the age of fourteen to thirty two. Fitzgerald divides the story into six episodes through those eighteen years, and each episode relates to Dexters relationship to Judy Jones. Judys love is what Dexter yearns for; she pushes him to his vision of the perfect life filled with glittering things, wealth and a high social status (Fitzgerald 423). The life Dexter desires is the American Dream in being successful, but it does not always mean being happy, Fitzgerald uses the elements of symbolism, and imagery throughout his short story Winter Dreams to represent his theme. Winter Dreams signifies more than the basic understanding of the title. The symbolism used in the title, adds a depth to the story and displays the theme of the unhappy, wealthy life. Throughout the years Dexters life changes and the aging process is signified by the word winter in the title, but winter also signifies a transition that is more tragic than physical deterioration; by the end of the story, Dexters emotions have become frozen (Gidmark 2). Gidmark shows the double meaning, symbolism in the word winter by explaining both its connotations. Not only does the word winter stand for the weakening of Dexter, but it also signifies how his mood and feelings become iced up, and unchangeable because of his heart break. The first introduction of Dexters dream is described as, [it] happened to be concerned at first with musings on the rich, [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] he wanted not association with glittering things and glittering people-he wanted the glittering things themselves (Fitzgerald 42 3). The glittering things include money and success which Dexter yearns for. Not only does he want to associate with them, he also wants the achievement to be his own. Gidmark clearly analyzes Judys role in the short story, [she] is the picture of passion and beauty, energy and loveliness, the true love and true dream that are with him until, learning of Judys decline, he recognizes it as a signal of the demise of his own dreams (2). Judy is what keeps Dexters dream going on, and without her his dream comes to a termination. According to Prigozy, Judy Jones comes to symbolize both the beauty and the mereticiousness of Dexters dreams- is clearly revealed as cruelly, coldly destructive (1). Even though his dream of Judy keeps him going, she is also a negative influence upon him because of her bitter heart. Judys image to the world shows her as living a very pleased life with new men on her tail constantly, but inside she is alone and scared. Dexters youthful winter dreams became very closely related to Judy Jones and his love for her that, the imaginative present in which she remains alive for Dexter also preserves that youthful richness (Clinton 405). His need for her approval of the triumphant American lifestyle is what keeps his dream and himself lively. Fitzgerald displays what is going on, The dream was gone. Something had been taken from him (435). Gidmark explicates Fitzgeralds quote, about when Dexter loses the capability of feeling and caring, he states, [Dexters] dream of Judy had kept him energetic, passionate, and alive, and now the dream has been taken from him, (2). Judy and Dexters relationship ended a while back, but Dexter still latched on to his dream. Imagery in the short story, Winter Dreams produces mental pictures in ones head, depicting the theme. The images are used in order to, [keep] alive his love for Judy Jones and the brightness of his youthful winter dreams in the only way the past can remain alive- by fixing its images out of time and the real world in an imaginative present (Burhans 4). In the beginning of the story, Dexter describes the Minnesota winter [it] shut down like the white lid of a box (Fitzgerald 421). The scenery mirrors his depression, because while he wants a golden future he is living in a dark cold life. The simile depicts how Dexter views his dreams, by being shut down and closed. Fitzgerald utilizes another simile about Dexter, when he crossed the hills the wind blew cold as misery (Fitzgerald 421). The simile draws a mental picture, and the word misery describes the melancholy currently in his life. Dexter grows and starts to become a successful man, suddenly, the sun went down with a riotous swirl of gold and varying blue and scarlets, and left the dry, whistling night of Western summer (Fitzgerald 425). Now the dark images of the landscape have transformed into a delightful scene, because Judy and Dexters relationship begins. Fitzgerald uses gold in the setting to represent Judy, and the gold in the images is present when Dexter is still reaching for his dream. Dexter is informed that Judys perfect life is now turned into a tragedy. She is married to a man who treats her poorly, and her beautiful charm is gone. After his harsh realization of Judys present life Dexter feels, The grief [I] could have borne was left behind in the country of illusion, of youth, of the richness of life, where [my] winter dreams had flourished (Fitzgerald 436). He becomes emotionless, and his dreams quickly become the past. Shattered, he is now feeling vacant and lonely because his ideal girl is suffering. Burhans expresses how Dexter is in misery when he cannot remember the beautiful scenery, go ne, too is a part of himself also deeply associated with and still alive in these images: the fragile moment in time when youth and his winter dreams were making his life richer and sweeter than it would ever be again (2). The earlier illustrations, green and open spaces of the golf-course days in Minnesota are gone, replaced by the constricting, cold, grey cement and steel of a skyscraper (Flibbert 2). The cold and grey construct an image of bitter and lonesomeness. He cannot revive the green grass and yellow sun shining; now the picture is substituted with a harsh one. Fitzgerald explains Dexters emotions, he had married Judy Jones and seen her fade away before his eyes (435). He held Judy in the most special place within himself and now his perfect image of her is destructed. He cannot revitalize her beautiful face, with his realization of her, his images have disappeared. Throughout the short story, Winter Dreams by F.Scott Fitzgerald, the theme of the ideal American life, of money and wealth is represented. The dream of this particular lifestyle does not consider one truly being happy or not. The protagonist in the story, Dexter achieves this life but ends with a tragic downfall. He starts off wanting to be successful and once he achieves his goal, Judy Jones comes into his life. She is the continuous dream in his life, and when he discovers that Judy has ended up unhappy his dream shatters. He ends up unhappy and frozen. Fitzgerald uses literary devices, such as symbolism and imagery to prove his theme in an intellectual way, with depth.

What Is a Gold-Collar Worker? :: Workforce Work Papers

What Is a Gold-Collar Worker? A Higher Level of Knowledge Work. Kelley (1990) described an old distinction that divided the work force into blue-collar and white-collar workers. Blue-collar workers typically did manual labor in a factory for hourly pay, whereas white-collar workers did knowledge work in an office on salary. However, changes in the nature of work and the workplace have led to large growth in the numbers of a particular kind of knowledge worker—the gold-collar worker, whose most valuable assets are problem-solving abilities, creativity, talent, and intelligence; who performs nonrepetitive and complex work that is difficult to evaluate; and who prefers self-management. The gold-collar worker is, for example, the computer engineer as opposed to a lower-level knowledge worker such as an input operator. Kelley pointed out that even though the name is new, there have always been gold-collar workers like designers, researchers, analysts, engineers, and lawyers. Learning, Teams, and Strategic Thinking. Wood (2001) characterized gold-collar workers in information technology (IT) similarly by focusing on qualitative matters. Gold-collar IT workers learn continually from experience. They recognize the synergy of teams and can demonstrate leadership; they are strategic thinkers who see the big picture and can change strategic directions when necessary. They have a portable, flexible skill base relevant to a variety of work environments and maintain that skill base through their own personal development, with well-connected networks of contacts at the leading edge. Interdisciplinary Knowledge. Where business and science intersect, the basic focus of the gold-collar worker is interdisciplinary knowledge and experience (Bartlett 1998; Todaro 2001; Van Nierop and Bow 1997). This interdisciplinary focus combines scientific or other technical knowledge and skills with business literacy to result in a gold-collar worker with expertise across several areas. Gold-collar engineers, chemists, biologists, physicists, or geoscientists understand the relationship between their scientific discipline and business, have the management and financial knowledge needed for a business environment, and can "marry" science and entrepreneurship. Other Characterizations. Roe (2001) called the gold-collar worker "a highly skilled multidisciplinarian who combines the mind of the white-collar worker with the hands of the blue-collar employee" (p. 32); examples include aircraft systems maintenance technicians, network administrators, and advanced manufacturing technicians. A similar case would be online customer service representatives (CSRs), for whom managing customer relationships now involves not only oral communication but also text-based Internet chat and e-mail about tough questions not answered in frequently asked questions or canned e-mail responses (Dicksteen 2001).

Essay --

Elie Wiesel was born in Sighet, Transylvania (later known as Romania) on September 30, 1928. Elie focused on Jewish religious studies before being relocated to Nazi death camps in WWII. Wiesel survived; he eventually began to write about his experiences in his memoir Night. He became an activist, orator and teacher. He spoke out against persecution and injustice. People should look at what Elie Wiesel and many other Jews went through just to be able to live in this world. The people living now should be appreciative of everything that is given and more. No one understands such a dreadful experience as the Holocaust without shifting in the way you were before. In Night, a memoir by Elie Wiesel, the author defines his suffering at the hands of Nazis. Taken with his family in 1944, they were directed to Auschwitz to come before the dishonorable selection. There, Elie parted from his mom and sister leaving him with his father who was too busy to spend any time with his son before the camp. Being under the Nazis' control, Elie and his father moved to several camps. The Nazi command â€Å"deprived Elie...of the desire to live..., which murdered his God and soul and turned my dreams to dust† (32). Preceding to the war, Elie lived an extremely spiritual and blameless life. Elie controlled a very strong curiosity in Jewish beliefs. At such a young age, Elie followed the Jewish faith with a vigor unusual for his age; his father kept him grounded in a world of reason. Even as Elie's freedoms vanished, he still maintained a sense of faith as a crutch. This also shows how Elie still was a child at the time, not aware that the Germans could try to eradicate an entire race. Ellie did not have an inkling of the horrors that lay before him and how they... ...ce out of the camp he "Spent his days in a total idleness. And I had but one desire to eat. [He] no longer thought of his father or mother"(107). The war left him crushed for life without any attachments to reality or sympathy for his family; he had cried his last tears. Following the camp, Elie only existed as a body wanting basic necessities without a soul or passion. The Holocaust changed Elie from a religious child to a mindless body who lost all innocence at age when he "Was fifteen years old"(96). The flames of the furnaces and the noose on the necks of fellow prisoners stole that desire from him and all the prisoners leaving empty bodies to work for the Nazi regime. Such horrors forced any man to abandon his passions if he wished to survive to the next day. The effect the war had on the Jews makes the claims of Holocaust deniers incredibly ignorant and cruel.

The Other Side of Paradise :: Free Essays Online

The Other Side of Paradise Any avid viewer of television has seen the advertisement. The sun reflects over a gleaming ocean, ornately dressed women dance in circles, smiling couples dine at sunset, children laugh and run across the beach, then the announcer says, â€Å"come to Barbados, paradise awaits you†. Although I consider myself a grounded and logical person, I confess that each time the announcer alluringly gives the invitation, wistful thoughts run through my head. The idea of leaving behind the chaos of everyday life and retreating to a place of laughter and no worries is truly tempting. I do not even typically enjoy the beach, but the concept of paradise, whatever that may mean, attracts me. Where does the glamour of travel come from? What is it about Americans that makes them desperate to escape? The obvious answer to this, or the counter question would be: what is it about Americans that causes them so much stress? I’ve been told that compared to the rest of the world, Americans spend an average of fifteen percent more time working. A thirty-hour week in Europe is considered a full-time job; In America forty hours is a conservative estimate. Less developed continents have lower employment rates and by default do not place as much emphasis on working. However, in America working and being a contributing part of society is a large part of proving self-worth. This work leads to the need for rest. One author stated that, â€Å"The realization of the need for recreation and travel is an awareness of an affective state usually signaling physical and/or mental exhaustion, and/or social needs such as recognition or inclusion. The need can also come about through a realization of curiosity for certain experiences. Both types of need are often linked with the habitualized oppo rtunity to travel† (Boshoff et. al. 155). Rest comes in many forms; some people find it in exercise, some in zoning out in front of a TV or going out for a nice meal, and others through drugs or alcohol. However travel is somewhat of an American pastime. Most everyone remembers packing up for family vacations in their younger years. Trips to the store for sunscreen, bug spray and snacks, fights over who gets the window seat, games to entertain on the trip, and threats by exhausted, frustrated, and often lost parents are all parts of growing up.

Marketing Reserach

Question â€Å"Marketing Research† Respond to the following: . -Of the marketing research tools identified in the textbook, evaluate those that would be most appropriate for a small business. Textbook=[Iacobucci, D. (2012). MM, 2nd Edition. Mason, Ohio: Cengage Learning] -When it comes to marketing research, speculate to the blunders that beginning marketers commonly make. Provide a rationale with your response. Answer :- Market research is an effective way to learn about potential customers, their opinions, habits, trends and future plans.It is used to determine the geographic area of a business and demographic characteristics of customers such as age, gender, income and educational level. Marketing research helps a firm identify and solve problems, identify and evaluate market opportunity and develop the effort needed to exploit it. Steps of the Marketing Research Process 1. Identify and Define the Problem/Opportunity – This is the first step in finding a solution; a poor diagnosis will lead to an ineffective solution. 2. Conduct a Preliminary Exploration – Confirming a rejection, the problem as stated by the decision maker is a crucial phase of the research project.In order to do this the researcher must talk to knowledgeable persons both inside and outside the firm. This often gives the researcher a new perspective on the problem. 3. Determine Research Objectives – The earlier steps have given the researcher a better understanding of the problem, and he or she can now begin to formulate hypothesis to fit it. Hypothesis are tentative explanations of a problem, formulated on the basis of weight and knowledge about the problem. The hypothesis may prove to be either right or wrong. 4. Determine Data Needs – Researcher use primary and secondary data.Primary data are originated and collected for a specific problem. They must be generated by original research through observation and/or inquiry. The advantage of such data is that they relate specifically to the problem at hand. In gathering them, new problem may be uncovered and the focus of the research project sharpened. The main disadvantages are the cost and time required to collect them. Secondary data already exist, they are historical data gathered by people either inside or outside the firm to meet their needs.If those needs are similar to the researcher’s needs secondary data can be useful. Although they are cheaper and faster to collect than primary data, their relevance, accuracy, credibility and timeliness must be established before they can be used. 5. Determine Data Sources – The major internal source of primary data is company personals, Retailers, wholesales, customers and competitors are important external sources of primary data. Knowing what primary data are needed gives an indication of who might have them. The major internal source of secondary data is company records.Libraries, trade associations and government publication s are important external sources of secondary data. 6. Create the Research Design – The research design specifies the overall framework and the specific procedures for collecting and analyzing the data. This is the most important step in the research process. Research Design can be classified by function and by methodology. Functional Categories – (a). Exploratory Research. (b). Descriptive Research (c). Casual Research (d). Predictive Research. Methodological Research – (a). Historical (b) Survey (c) Experimental (d) Motivational 7.Collect the Data – Once the researcher has determined data needs, data sources, and the framework and procedures to collect and analyze them, the problem becomes one of searching for and securing data. In collecting data, the researcher implements the research design. For secondary data, a good understanding of internal and external sources is necessary. Primary data, however , must be collected through observation and inquiry . 8. Analyses Data and Convert to Information – The data that have been collected according to the research design must be analyzed and interpreted.This leads the researcher to either accept or reject the research hypothesis After coding and editing, data are analyzed. This involves descriptive responses, calculating averages etc. in order to convert raw data into an understandable form for the purpose of interpreting the data. Tabulation, for example, involves arranging the data in a table, graph, or other summery format to facilitate their interpretation. More sophisticated data analysis techniques may also be used as the research moves beyond the description of the data to sophisticated statistical analysis of them.Cross tabulation is often used to show how variable relates to another variable. 9. Communicate the Information – Communicating research findings to decision makers is a crucial step in a research project because the project will be a failure if the resul ts are not communicated effectively. Among the criteria for judging the quality of a research report are completeness, organization, understandability, interest level, accuracy, clarity, conciseness include : specific sections of the report typically (a) Title page (b) Table of contents (c)Executive summery (d) Introduction (e) Body (f) Conclusions and recommendations and (g) Appendices.

Week 3

What was Francis Henry Galton's major contribution to forensic science? Francis Henry Galton’s major contribution to forensic science was fingerprinting. Although he wasn’t the first person with the idea of fingerprinting, he was more successful with the idea and the scientific knowledge that he knew. 2. Who is known as â€Å"the father of forensic toxicology† and why? Mathieu Orfila is known and â€Å"the father of forensic toxicology†. In 1814 he published the first book on poisons and how they affect animals.He is also known to be the creator of criminalistics. 3. Name two major contributions to forensic science made by Hans Gross. Hans Gross wrote the first book on scientific disciplines in criminal investigation. He also wrote a journal on forensics that is used to detect crime. 4. With what area of forensic investigation are Karl Landsteiner and Dr. Leone Lattes associated? Landsteiner and Dr. Lattes both associated in Forensic Medicine. Landsteiner discovered that blood could be put in different groups.After Landsteiner’s discovery Dr. Lattes established that different bloods could be used to identify people. 5. Who was the first person to apply the principles of forensic science to a working crime laboratory? 6. What is Locard's exchange principle? Locard’s exchange principle is a cross-transfer that happens when two objects come into contact with each other. When two objects hit each other materials are exchanged. For example when two cars collide into each other the paint transfers to the other car.He believed that particles from a crime scene would be transferred to the criminal. 7. With what instrument did Dr. Walter C. McCrone make significant contributions to forensic science? McCrone brought the microscope into the forensic science field. The microscope is a great use for close up examination of objects used. McCrone ended up becoming the world’s preeminent microscopist. He was very dedicated to hi s work and knew what he was doing.   

Hiv Film Reaction Paper Essay

The story unfolds to a freelance director of a documentary named Gil. He was tasked to document everything that covers HIV. His subjects were Heidi a prostitute, Ivy a call center agent and Vanessa a gay. So determined to finish the documentary, Gil finds no time for his girlfriend. Most of his time was spent working on the documentary. He didn’t have a hard time convincing the three to be his subjects since he tells them that they are a great help to those who needed to be informed about the disease. But as they go through shooting and editing, Heidi died, Ivy gave up and Vanessa got into trouble. Adel asked Gil why he is really so desperate to finish the documentary and why it seemed so important to him. Gil tries to keep the real reason that very hard moment. Until one day he was awakened to what Ivy has told him that she wants him to give voice to the victims of the disease then Gil ended up deciding to be just one of the subjects who would complete the story. He appeared on cam telling his audience that the documentary is about the story of the people who are trying to live despite having HIV and still sees hope. The story of Heidi, Ivy and Himself. The strong point of the film is really the screenplay which is in time and has an impact. The acting was established well since the actors suit to each of the character they portrayed. Also, it has a good cinematography. The shots and angles are just good enough to be able to leave a good impression to the audience. Seeing the film, every element is very good which leaves its audience a very positive reaction.

Heraclitus v Parmenides

The heavily studied philosophical debate that has been carried for centuries on the nature of being and the perception of it, displays the vast differences between the two philosophers Heraclitus and Parmenides. One which believed in a singularity of things, while one differs and carries the philosophy of a duality of reality. One that believes that the changes in perception are deceitful, while the other displays a philosophical view that our perceptions essentially relative and always changing based one of nature. One believes that reality and nature is constant , while the other believes that everything is constantly changing , and that even the flowing river that one may step his foot in will not be the same river the next time around. Heraclitus believed things were ever-changing, and that may be true. Science and physics( which is an arm of philosophy tells us that when force is applied to things there is the possibility of a change in the molecular make up of the item. It is like a formless matter. Once the matter has been molded into a particular form it is more than likely to lose atoms during the process. I believe the example of the flowing river is a pretty clever one. Being that the river is ever flowing there is constant erosion occurring as the constant (the bed of the river) interacts with the moving (the flow of the water). In actuality even the small acts such as shaking hands involves the exchange of atoms and molecules. Parmenides presented a conflicting philosophical opinion to that of Heraclitus. Parmenides presented the view that the state of being in nature is constant. It does not change and that our perception of reality may at times be very deceitful. While I do not agree with this in regards to the state of being and nature I do think this argument would hold much weight and would be considered a solid truth in terms of psychology. A person’s psychological makeup could very well affect the way a person views reality, and could present falsehoods. One of Parmenides’ most popular argument of that something that is not cannot be feasibly proven as it is not in a state of being. I would argue that it could simply as the inverse of something that is. While both have left a longing impression on the western philosophy and we are still arguing the same debate that they did today, I would have to agree with the argument of Heraclitus on the topic of the status of being. Things are always changing; we live with gravity which in itself causes us to change, without it we would not age nearly as quickly as we do. I find the difference in the argument in the duality and constant being of nature to be one of a matter from a modern perspective as looking at things from a macro and micro perspective. On the macro side things look the same and unchanged as it takes drastic force or influence to change things, but on the micro level even the small of acts cause for a strong movement of atoms. I would have to agree with Heraclitus, although Parmenides does present a very valid argument when placed in proper context.

Development of an internet based housing demand database system for Dissertation

Development of an internet based housing demand database system for the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Human Settlements - Dissertation Example The paper tells that the use of information systems across all business enterprises, governance structures and institutions has become an accepted reality. A number of researchers and academicians have focused on the potential benefits, applications and challenges faced in the incorporation of these systems. The implementation of such systems in e-governance bodies have helped immensely in streamlining work processes and improving the overall efficiency of departments in delivering the desired outcomes. A study on developing a land information system for the local government in Naga City Philippines by Rizalino Cruz highlights the significance of intelligent systems in aligning departmental responsibilities, strengthening collaborative efforts, and streamlining the flow of information across various units and stakeholders. The focus of the study was on analysing the key requirements of the local government body involved in land use planning and designing an effective information syst em that helps in achieving departmental goals and long term vision of the local governing bodies. A recent study by PriceWaterHouseCoopers on the role and efficacy of information systems in Department of Housing and Urban Planning observes that an internet based system can help the urban planning and housing department realize their goals and objectives. The primary benefit of such a system lies in its ability to integrate and streamline the flow of vital information within departments, provide its stakeholders with immediate access to relevant details. , and enable managers to take prompt decisions based on the readily accessible data and facts. A legislative audit report on information systems for housing by the State of Montana (2004) highlights the role of such systems in determining the accuracy and reliability of such systems. The information processing capabilities offered by an effective information system cannot be undermined in the face of rapidly advancing technology tool s and applications. The use of internet and communication technologies has greatly enhanced the potentials to receive and process information at the click of a button. Similar studies and implementation of such systems across different countries illustrate the benefits and challenges associated with its effective performance and outcomes. The housing and urban planning department in Thailand benefited immensely from the implementation of

Events Marketing Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Events Marketing Management - Assignment Example The main purpose of this paper is to write a Marketing Plan and Plan Report for a launch event of a new Master programme in Events Marketing Management. The event shall take place on London Metropolitan University premises in June 2006. The underlying assumption is that there will be launch of the programme in June 2006, and the main goal of promotion marketing plan is to make positive public opinion and awareness towards Programme launch by this date. The London Metropolitan University needs to implement an integrated marketing plan to achieve a level of 100% enrolment at the Course during its first year, in order to do this it need to strategically categorise the potential students into various segmented areas. Consideration also needs to be given to the large number of students who have not decided on whether they want to join the Course. The plan advises what methods need to be used along will how they need to be implemented to obtain the overall objectives of the plan. The theoretical part or this paper will analyse the plan written in terms of academic marketing theory. Following are the key terms and concepts explained; they could be found over marketing plan in order of appearance. The main distinction of this marketing plan is in its core objective - promotion and marketing of new Master's programme. Since it is not a tangible product or service, some characteristic points will be considered further. Context Analysis determines the overall strategic direction, it must be a "comprehensive and through analysis of the background situation"1, therefore consideration must be given to the market, customer, company (internal) and general environment (external) contexts. 2 It examines the 'marketplace and the company's preferred overall approach to achieving its objectives in the light of market conditions and competitor behaviour"3. . Promotional Objectives These are specific 'goals' that need to be achieved during the timescale of the overall plan. It is important that these 'goals' are clearly understood and accepted by everybody involved. All of these 'goals' need to be measurable in order for the organisation to establish whether they have achieved the overall goal. The 'SMART' objectives are a set of guidelines to assist in measuring goals.4 (Appendix 1) Corporate Objectives The corporate objective is normally included within the mission -statement and normally stems from the purpose of the organisation. Marketing Objectives "Marketing communication objectives are specific communications tasks to be achieved among a defined audience to a defined extent and within a specific time frame" Communication Objectives should "Enhance the image or reputation of a product or where promotional efforts are seen as a

Understanding and Evaluating the Arts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understanding and Evaluating the Arts - Essay Example fer to the visual arts, including painting, sculpture, architecture, photography, decorative arts, crafts, and other visual works that combine materials or forms. We also use the word art in a more general sense to encompass other forms of creative activity, such as dance, drama, and music, or even to describe skill in almost any activity, such as â€Å"the art of bread making† or â€Å"the art of travel.† In this article art refers to the visual arts.† Thus, relying on this definition, an investigation of the various art forms and mediums as made available via the internet ensues in an effort to apply the definition accordingly. To define â€Å"painting,† and randomly selecting from the many endless URLs available, it is the personal site of artist Jennifer Hauri, found at URL location http://www.jenniferhauri.com/?src=overture where the definition given above is used in an effort to describe the work of Hauri. First, Hauri’s site is different in that it begins with preparing the viewer’s mood by offering a soothing music and sound effects that only a trained ear might identify as being either the rainforest or the African jungle. Upon entering, it is a surprise to find that in the selection of Hauri’s work – belying her biographical information – is the category title â€Å"Afghani.† Right away statements appearing on the first page let the viewer know that Hauri’s work, mixed media of oil, acrylic, oil pastels and charcoal; are going to be an expression of the artist’s emotions. â€Å"Art is contemplation and an enjoyment of the mind that see ks to search nature and recreate it with a vision,† is but one of several thoughts that artist wants the viewer to be aware before entering the galleries. The first gallery, again, titled â€Å"Afghani,† is a compilation of works in various media depicting the artist’s interpretation of Afghanistan, the people, the Muslim. It stems from an emotional depth, expressing the artist’s perceptions in works

Industrial Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Industrial Music - Essay Example Otherwise, their target audience would not be reached and knowledge, as well as existence of new compositions, musical scores, and songs would not even be able to reach the intended listeners. The uses of various media (television, radio, online sites) are traditional media for promotion and commercialization of popular music. Thus, appropriate funds and resources are invested to do this with the objective of generating profits in the end. Yes, one believes that a group, artist, or singers could be too commercial; and at the same time, not commercial enough. There are contemporary singers who could be considered overexposed as listeners tend to hear their songs in all media at almost all possible times. When hearing a particular song is perceived as way too much that audience perceives that their ears are already aching from hearing the same sounds again and again, then, this could be considered an evident proof of being too commercial. On the other hand, there could be very good musical compositions that are not effectively managed and promoted due to factors such as lack of funds, lack of competencies of the managers or promoters, wrong use of media to promote, and reaching only a limited audience. As such, these are examples of a group or singers whose songs and musical compositions are not commercial enough. If the focus is no longer on the music itself (maybe creating promotional products that promote the singer more than the songs), then somehow, there are possibilities of audience losing their interests and appeal; especially if the songs do not reach the quality expected from the music. It could initially be productive for the promoters for having served their commercial interests; but eventually, not being able to sustain a good quality of music would be detrimental to the singer, manager and promoters in the long run. Rock fans may have rebelled against the popularity

External and Internal Environments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 9

External and Internal Environments - Essay Example From this study it is clear that people bewildered by the business strategy of the company which lead to the rapid upsurge of Starbucks. The rapid growth of the Starbucks has made rivals challenging to match the speedy success. The prime purpose of the company is to maintain old-fashioned way of making coffee by creating a culture of belonging and warmth with implementation of new technology. Furthermore, these values and mission can help to retain old customers and attract new customers.This paper highlights that the general environment of the company is defined as the conditions and factors that are uncontrollable and can affect everyone in a market or industry. It is difficult for a firm to control forces affecting the general environment. Moreover, the evaluation of the general environment can benefit companies to identify future opportunities and predict changes. There are seven segment of general environment which includes demographic, legal, technological, sociocultural, globa l and economic segments. It is pivotal for Starbucks Corporation to assess the changes and continually monitor necessity changes for the benefit of organization. Two segments that can effectively influence Starbucks Corporation are technological and economic environment.  Emergence of technological advancement has forced organization to innovate to sustain in the market. The capture of Chinese market has been one of the prime objectives of Starbucks Corporation.

Migration Policy of United Kingdom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Migration Policy of United Kingdom - Essay Example The applicant work experience, higher academic achievement such as a bachelor's, master's and PhD degrees, English language ability which requires that an applicant should have a bachelors degree taught in English - will be given more merits and consideration. Migrants must also pass the International English Language Testing System requirement. The government will also deem the employment of illegal workers a criminal offence carrying a punishment of up to two years imprisonment. The new system also calls for the termination of 'chain migration', which means that there will be no instantaneous rights for a family member to bring in more relatives into the country. In addition, the new rules call for the automatic termination of right for residency for some categories of migrants and calls for an introduction of new mechanisms for an enhanced migration control. Although research on migration suggests that economic migration had given the UK economic advantage as migration is not detrimental to employment opportunities or responsible for depressing wages, some policymakers contended that the low cost of labour only benefited employers, but not the unskilled workers, composed mainly of many migrant workers. Immigration to the United Kingdom has increased considerably during the previous and the current decade. With continued economic development and historically low unemployment figures causing increased demand for migrant labourers, immigration figures have augmented to an unparalleled number (Pinkerton, 2005). As a result of this of rising immigration figures which caused apprehensions not only to the policy makers but also to the populations - 60 percent of the populace, according to a recent survey, believe that there are too many immigrants in Britain - lawmakers have tried to create efficient policies to handle migration (MORI Survey, 2006). One important part of the UK debate on migration is the question of how to control the flow of workers from the 10 new members of the European Union joined in May 2004. Under the EU terms, existing members of the EU had the alternative to put provisional limitations on the migrant workers from the Central and Eastern European countries. This was devised to alleviate any possible 'labor market shocks' which will occur as a result of the economic differences between existing and new EU member countries. In the months that followed, many other existing member countries began to put restrictions on the surge of workers from these countries with the exception of UK, Ireland, and Sweden. In effect, the UK government came under enormous pressure to put restrictions and devise plans to control labor migration (Shaw, 2004). Amid these new migration policies, new studies show that migrant workers have contributed as much 36.7 billion - or 3% - to the United Kingdom's economy since 1997 and more than one-third of that amount spawned since the appointment of 10 countries to form the EU-25 in May 2004. Nonetheless, the report, from the National Institute of Economic and Social Research, stated the benefits had not been allocated uniformly, and had most likely added to an increase in unemployment among the unskilled laborers. Furthermore, the institute stated that about 5% of the existing workers has arrived in the country since 1997 - one third of those since 2004 - and that the latest migrants comprise 4.5% of the national wage bill. Recent research